The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. Enter the nominal impedance of the destination device you will be feeding audio to. (In fact, there are installations that use such transformers at both the shack and tower ends of long runs of 450-Ohm transmission line to reduce losses that would be incurred with an all-coax system. You can use the web calculator provided and here's an example of matching 50 Ω to 300 Ω at 10 MHz: -. The 75 ohm version of a 50 ohm connector (at least for the SMA, N and BNC types that I've studied) raises the impedance in two ways, while keeping the mechanical interface identical. To Calculate dBm from voltageenter the value in V (voltage) and hit P (dBm) button. Since the impedance is a real number, the voltage is in-phase with the current. The plots show the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. That makes sense, as so much of today’s RF design work is based around that value. This online microstrip impedance calculator calculates the characteristic impedance of the microstrip (Ω), W/H ratio, and effective dielectric constant (εe) by entering the value of dielectric material relative permittivity (εr),. A 50 to 75 Ohm matching pad which always exhibits 5. Z0 is the Characteristic Impedance (in Ohms). For example, 75 Ω 75 Ω is very close to the impedance of the commonly-encountered half-wave dipole antenna (about 73 + j42 Ω 73 + j 42 Ω ), which may make impedance matching to that antenna easier. All the S parameters r available in. The default impedance (Z) is 50 ohm, although you can change that to any value. This is 1. Inductance – the impedance calculator uses the Impedance value to calculate the inductance per unit length. Differential Microstrip Impedance From Zo Calculator. For a pure resistor of resistance R Ohms, the impedance ZR = R Ohms. The JLCPCB Impedance Calculator computes track width values and recommended stack-ups from user-input values of board layer, thickness, copper weight, target impedance, trace spacing (for edge-coupled pairs), and impedance trace to copper gap (coplanar waveguides). Next, determine the current (amps). (To be precise, it is an attenuator with a attenuation factor of 0. A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagnetic interference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. Related: resistor calculator Ohm's Law. To calculate, enter the inductance, the resistance, and the frequency, select the units of measurements and the result for RL impedance will be shown in ohms and for the phase difference in degrees. This example assumes a transmission line characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms; choose a via pad size (VP) of 12 mils (0. Its outputs appear to have a just a bit less than 50 ohms impedance, so the level drops with the terminator present - the output impedance and the terminator form a voltage divider. 50 ohms is most often used for radio transmitting and receiving applications. 5 ohms, and the geometric mean of 30 ohms and 70 ohms is 48 ohms. My doubt is about the RF trace that should have 50 ohms impedance. Short detour: There's a so-called reflection coefficient Γ that says "OK, for this mismatch, so and so much of the power is reflected back where it came from". The most common impedance values are 50 ohms and 75 ohms. Γ0 = Z01 − ZS Z01 + ZS Γn = Zn + 1 − Zn Zn + 1 + Zn ΓN = ZL − Z0N ZL + Z0N. 5GHz and needs a 50 ohm impedance line. g. 50 Ohm Attenuator Calculator. S11 Linear to dB. find us on: Menu. The idea here is to determine the spacing required for a given width with the goal of hitting a specific differential impedance value. Calculation Dielectric Outer Diameter: Inner Conductor Diameter: Result: Pasternack carries hundreds of coaxial RF cables all in-stock and available for same-day shipping. 4. ) The turns ratio is the square root of the impedance ratio, i. Enter Secondary Impedance (Z sec ): Ohms. Therefore,Here, we know the value of Z0 is the source impedance at the network input (50 Ohms), and we need to calculate Znetwork, which is the input impedance of the network (in other words, the network + load impedance). L L = length of the coaxial cable. That said, the impedance mismatch between 30 and 50 ohms isn't that much. For example, a 100 + j0 ohm termination on 50 ohm coax gives an SWR of 100 / 50 = 2. This will give the highest bandwidth measurement and lowest noise level. 5 mm). (TLD), you can calculate an estimate of the input impedance which should help determine the sign. 5 150 Watt 150, 75, 37. Using a signal generator and 50 watt amplifier. 50 Watt 50, 25, 12. 5 Ohms higher than the formula method. Required Data Entry. 5mm, T=0. Most RF test equipment has 50 ohm output impedance and 50 ohm input impedance. This characteristic impedance is close to the desired 50-Ohm impedance, so the example can proceed with the design using these microstrip lines. Access a free differential stripline impedance calculator tool for PCB transmission lines. Values of 50 Ω 50 Ω and 75 Ω 75 Ω also offer some convenience when connecting RF devices to antennas. The most common values of coaxial cable impedance are 50 and 75 ohms. Here, we use a 50 Ohm characteristic impedance cable, such as an RG58 or RG174 cable. This means, for the highest bandwidth signals, up to the bandwidth limit of the scope, use the 50 Ohm input impedance setting. The effective dielectric constant drives the length of the taper, this effect was not. Smooth Line vs. The 60 ohms comes from sqrt(73 * 50) and an electrical 1/4 wavelength will convert one impedance to the other. This says that ALL 50 Ohm transmission lines in FR4 have exactly the same capacitance per length. Consider a DC photovoltaic Solar cell. The voltage across a 100-ohm resistor depends on the current flowing through it. 50 Watt 50, 25, 12. R is the load impedance, and is typically 50 Ohms for RF systems. If the round-trip time is short enough, reflections may die down quickly enough to not pose a. Products. Ohms rating: Input the amplifier or stereo’s power (RMS or continuous) power rating and the min. The Basic Concept of Impedance. The user only needs to enter the attenuation in decibels (dB) and the given characteristic impedance of the transmission lines to be matched. 24 ohms. Antenna 20 ohms impedance to 50 ohm coax to transceiver. 50 Ω first arose as a nominal impedance during World War II work on radar and is a compromise between two requirements. Background S11 is the input reflection coefficient with a. The second major factor which affects impedance is the distance from trace to the nearest plane. You want to set R T to equal the differential characteristic impedance of 100 Ohms, so there is no reflection. Stack Symmetry – enable to add layers in matching pairs, centered around the mid-dielectric layer. The history of 50 Ohm impedance goes back to the late 1920s/early 1930s, when the telecom industry was in its infancy. The capacitance and inductance values are chosen such that the bias tee has negligible effect on the RF signal at the desired frequency. For example, a 1 Watt power amplifier (source) optimized for use in a 50 Ohm system will. Also, the real part of the impedance will not saturate exactly to 50 Ohms; it will fluctuate around this value. R is the resistance in ohms (Ω),. (D) is the outer diameter of coaxial. So, the impedance of the coil in. 5. In schematic, write an equation for port 2 Term Z to be 35 ohms above 400 MHz: Z = if freq < 400 MHz then 50 else 35 endif. Expect a large variation of manufactured PCB impedance with 0. Enter the information from above into the calculator to determine the capacitance, inductance, and cutoff frequency. Select "Unequal impedances" in the "Circuit type" box. Use the high Z path to avoid loading down your circuit - and the 50 ohm path to match impedance and avoid reflections and other mismatch effects. Click here to see the user guide of our. If you have voltage and current measurements from a circuit network, you can calculate the network’s characteristic impedance using Ohm’s law. Use this tool to calculate the load impedance from S11, the input reflection coefficient. This tool is designed to calculate the correct dimensions of a microstrip patch antenna if the operating frequency and the dielectric constant of. This means that the actual trace width for a 50 ohm line could vary from design to design. 03556mm. An Inductor Impedance Calculator is a tool used in electrical engineering and electronics to calculate the impedance of an inductor in an alternating current (AC) circuit. While commonly constructed using printed circuit boards, this structure can also be built using other materials as long as the…Inductance of the inductor (L) H. You can build an RC low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz using a 3. Enter at least any two input values and click calculate to solve for the remaining values. Q is the quality factor of a parallel RLC circuit (dimensionless),. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. Figure 2. The radius of the circle is the reflection coefficient G , where the radius to the edge is 1. 5 Henrys and it’s connected to an AC power source with a frequency (f) of 60 Hz. f is the frequency in hertz (Hz), . In schematic, write an equation for port 2 Term Z to be 35 ohms above 400 MHz: Z = if freq < 400 MHz then 50 else 35 endif. The Pythagorean theorem is written: c 2 = a 2 + b 2. where: c0 = 299792458 m s: the speed of light in free space. f is the frequency in hertz (Hz), . A basic rule of thumb is that the width of the trace is about equal to the thickness of the dielectric material to achieve a 50 ohm impedance on the line. g. USA. The image below shows an example Smith chart used to plot the impedance Z = 1. The lower the SWR value, the better antenna matched (usually 50 Ohm, 75 Ohm for TV networks). This calculator can calculate the impedance and propagation delay of any microstrip by taking its respective height, width, thickness & dielectric constant. For speakers in series, you can find the power each speaker will get even if they have different Ohm ratings. 1 mm trace spacing chosen in your design. What a Differential Pair Impedance Calculator Misses. 5mm pitch. This is extremely important as we will see. The impedance of the line is mainly depending on your PCB characteristics. Figure 7. Understanding Amplifier Power. Voltage (V)From here, we can see that there are specific stack-ups where a CPW and a microstrip/stripline will have 50 Ohm impedance and the same trace width, even though the ground clearance is quite close clearance to the trace in the CPW. 2-side PCB, one side with signals, the other with GND. Therefore, the IPC-2141 equations are only accurate when attempting to calculate a trace width corresponding to a 50 Ohm single-ended. 3. Z = Impedance of circuit element (i. Visit to learn more about our other electrical engineering tools. Since inductive impedance is proportional to frequency, the lower the frequency, the more turns are required for a given impedance. Engineers can use the parameter for understanding how the antenna is matched (good or poor). a 50 ohm attenuator must be terminated in 50 ohms in order to attenuate the signal to the appropriate degree). At very high frequencies, certain 75 Ohm cables work better than 50 Ohm. φ is the phase difference between the total voltage V T and the total current I T in degrees (°). Our capacitive reactance calculator helps you determine the impedance of a capacitor if its capacitance value (C) and the frequency of the signal passing through it (f) are given. 5 = 188. Ideally you will have an impedance that you have been asked to achieve, typically something in the range of 40 to 90 ohms. 37mm for a 50 ohm. As can be seen in the following graphs, the only time a 1:1 choke-balun accomplishes a 1:1 transformation is when it sees 50 ohms at its output. The tee (T) attenuator (pad) formula in the calculation for resistor values is measured in Ohms. View All Tools. These equations are relatively simple compared to other transmission line. 50 ohms is in the middle, short circuit on the left, open circuit is on the right. -Wave Transformer is often a more convenient alternative to the more well-known quarter-wave transformer Choose Coax and calculate 1/12 λ of 50Ω coax. ω = 2πf is the angular frequency in rad/s, . ω 0 is the resonant angular frequency in radian per second. The idea here is to determine the spacing required for a given width with the goal of hitting a specific differential impedance value. The circuit got its name because the inductor and the capacitor form a Pi symbol (see schematic below). Now you're done with your resistors! The values should be R₁ = 76. Figure 6. To get a 50 Ohm characteristic impedance, you just have to define your trace width in the proper proportion to the H of your dielectric (with some small adjustments for T met and dielectric and conductor loss terms). 5 + j, the reflection coefficient is Γ 1 = 0. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. This can be built into a FLEXI-BOX and a transmission line (50 Ohm track) PCB is available which easily adapts for this circuit with two simple. eu. Impedance, Board Height of 6 Mils, Trace Thickness of 2. For example on 0. 5. It can be written as: R = V/I. Bridged Tee Attenuator Calculator. 100 ohm load to 50 ohm coax will require a 2:1 balun). 2 in. 5. First, calculating the line impedance: taking the 75 Ω we desire the source to “see” at the source-end of the transmission line, and multiplying by the 300 Ω load. Inductance – the impedance calculator uses the Impedance value to calculate the inductance per unit length. I used some online calculator to calculate parameters of trace so it has 50 Ohm impedance. Email: info@multi-circuit-boards. f is the frequency in hertz (Hz),. What levels of impedance are there?. This is 1. There is no special via size for 50ohm traces. The input capacitor, C1 acts as an open circuit and. Resistance is expressed in ohms. Z is the impedance (usually RF systems have 50-ohms impedance)Our headphone power calculator is designed with user-friendliness in mind. This standard was the. When the antenna length is trimmed to resonance, you should still have a low SWR across the band. 6 pF. From the voltages measured, I'd estimate the output impedance of the Nano at around. Left-Hand Circuit: 50 ohm line-to-line, no chassis connection 5. The Tee attenuator. The other impedance line is connected to the opposite end of the 50 Ohm line. I will use a 2. Required Data Entry. Yoni Calculator Online Test System Configurator ezSample (Free Samples). Why should a receiving antenna be impedance matched to 50 ohm instead of a lower impedance? 1. Guideline for Impedance Matching (simplified cases) 1. Bookmark or "Favorite" this microstrip line impedance calculator page by pressing CTRL + D. 3. Try it yourself - put in 40, 50, and 60 ohms, and calculate how much power goes to the load in each case. 4. to the working (characteristic) impedance of the antenna system – 50 Ohms in most ham situations. This value varies from -1 (for a shorted load) to +1 (for an open load), and becomes 0 for matched impedance load. The DC bias circuit sets the DC operating “Q” point of the transistor. ”Let's look at a range of impedance mismatch from 50 ohms, for 50 to 100 ohms in the plot below. 5dB directly to -19dB through the transformer. For example, a 50 Ohm line 2 inches long has a capacitance of about 6. VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio, sometimes pronounced "viswar"), is the ratio of the maximum standing wave amplitude at one node to the minimum. This calculator computes the trace width of a stripline if the maximum current, trace thickness, temperature rise, ambient temperature and length are given. The impedance of vias is generally around 25 to 35 Ohms. The circuit got its name because the inductor and the capacitor form an L-shape (see schematic below). The circuit got its name because the inductor and the capacitor form a Pi symbol (see schematic below). 2. 25/. The Tee attenuator. The most common values of coaxial cable impedance are 50 and 75 ohms. For this calculation we used the Quality factor. As other answers have said, there's numerous online calculators and high priced tools available to help you do that. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough estimation, the final values and the. Therefore, if you want to deliver the most RF power from your 50-ohm source to your antenna - voila, only a 50 ohm. Rough Line With Dispersion. Zc is the Common Mode Impedance (in Ohms). TLD is designed for. 87° (Equation 1). How do you calculate ohms for speakers? You don’t calculate ohms for speakers; ohms are a measure of a speaker’s impedance, which is determined by its design and the materials used. 🚩The amplifier’s output impedance. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. Suppose our unmatched load impedance is Z = 60 - i35 Ohms; if the system impedance is 50 Ohms, then we divide the load and system impedances, giving a normalized impedance of Z = 1. Calculates the resistor values, attenuation, minimum attenuation, 'impedance', reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss of a matching Pi attenuator. All we need to do is calculate the proper transmission line impedance (Z 0 ), and length so that exactly 1/4 of a wave will “stand” on the line at a frequency of 50 MHz. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. It is the expected *load* impedance that is selectable. Antenna feed The λ/2-length antenna shown in Figure 2 is called a dipole antenna. Doubt about 50 ohm impedance calculation. Their combination results in the transformation of the load impedance into 50 Ohms at the input of the second line section. Asymmetric and symmetric versions of a stripline can be implemented with this calculator application. It’s not an arbitrary number; there are good technical. Ohm’s law still applies in a parallel circuit. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. If the width of the trace is two times the height of the dielectric (for FR4, Dk from 4 to 4. C is the capacitance in farads (F),. ω = 2πf is the angular frequency in rad/s,. A few turns for each side around a ferrite is probably good enough. There are many demands placed on PCB stackup design. Z LC is the LC circuit impedance in ohms (Ω), . d d = coaxial cable inner diameter. Calculations are made using the formula below: Where: Enter the frequency and inductance into the calculator, choose the. 5 ohms and 48 ohms, considering maximum power transmission and minimum loss as much as possible. You want to set R T to equal the differential characteristic impedance of 100 Ohms, so there is no reflection. R is the resistance in ohms (Ω),. For the frequency, the unit options are Hz, kHz, MHz, and GHz. This transmission line calculator calculates the impedance at input and attenuation of a given transmission line once terminated with the given load. The coaxial cable, along with the balanced two-wire, is the most common type of transmission line used in RF communications. Wave impedance is only dependent on geometry. For dipole antennas with a feed point impedance less than 50 ohms, you will need a sub-ratio impedance transformer (e. The unit of impedance is Ohms (Ohm= volt/ampere). So if you use the connector with a high impedance load it will look like a high impedance, not 50 ohms. This tool helps you create a matching circuit so that optimal power transfer occurs between unmatched loads. Characteristic Impedance (Ohms): Effective Dielectric Constant: The microstrip impedance calculator shown above uses Wadell’s equations for microstrip impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. This tool calculates resistor values to build an attenuator that matches this value of impedance. Let's look at the special case where you mix up 50 ohm parts into a 75 ohm system (or vice-versa). You can then calculate the length in degrees for nearby frequencies with reasonable accuracy. The formula to calculate impedance is: Where. The wave propagates in both directions down the transmission line until the ends are reached. For example, if you connect a 100 ohm load to the NanoVNA, then the reflected voltage will be about 0. Basic Emitter Amplifier Model. To use this tool, enter the desired value of dB attenuation. Following equation or formula is used for Microstrip Width Calculator. It's fairly simple to choose a point where the impedance is 50 -j something ohms. Enter the inner diameter, outer diameter, and relative permittivity of a coaxial cable to calculate its impedance, inductance, capacitance, and. Keep in mind that the reactance of the ideal inductor has the same magnitude as its impedance. 100. In practice, we will never have a perfect, ideal system. When RF engineers think about the impedance of their project’s transmission lines, they may automatically assume that these lines all have a nominal impedance of 50 ohms (Ω). Q = AV = RL RIN− −−−√ Q = A V = R L R I N. Amateur Radio transceivers are designed to work with an impedance of 50 ohms, so you must use 50 ohm coax, or find a way to convert the 300 to 600 ohm impedance of ladder line to 50 ohms . All the calculations were performed as described in the standard IPC-2141A Design Guide for High-Speed Controlled Impedance Circuit Boards. This can be achieved by regulating the inner and outer diameter of the coaxial cable, along with the. With no reflections, there is no settling time, and the receivers get nice clean edges. and 1/12 λ of 75Ω. The Tee attenuator (T-pad) is a specific type of attenuator circuit which resembles the shape of the letter "T". Let’s put the Coil Impedance Calculator to the test with a real-world example. b. Just assume it's 50 ohms and has no loss. This tool will help you create a matching circuit so that optimal power transfer occurs between unmatched loads. 50 Ohms. A transformer turns ratio calculator; calculates the turns ratio needed to match a given primary impedance to a given secondary impedance. Related: resistor calculator Ohm's Law. We can calculate it as, based on load impedance Z L and conduction line impedance Z 0: Γ = Z L − Z 0 Z L + Z 0. The Tee attenuator (T-pad) is a specific type of attenuator circuit which resembles the shape of the letter "T". Sep 12, 2022 at 19:07. For example, 1oz, 10 mil traces, with 6 mil to the ground plane, and Er=4. 25 , Antenna frequency INPUT2 = 600 MHz, OUTPUTS: Radiation Resistance of halfwave dipole OUTPUT1 = 80 Ohm , Radiation Resistance of electrically short dipole OUTPUT2 = 49. The tee (T) attenuator (pad) formula in the calculation for resistor values is measured in Ohms. ω 0 is the resonant angular frequency in radian per second. For Ribbon cable, often 100 to 120 Ohm differential, it is the ratio of conductor/gap that matters. Matching Pi Attenuator Calculator. According to this app note from Analog Devices, you can create a 50 Ω microstrip as follows: 1-ounce copper, 20-mil-wide trace, 10-mil separation between trace and ground plane. These are considered to be standardized impedance values with cables readily available. The Ohm's law formula can be used to calculate the resistance as the quotient of the voltage and current. It will make at least a small reflection. 6,382. This. 25 normalized to ZT, or 12. In this case, we can use: Pspeaker = Ptotal (total power) x Speaker1/ (Speaker1 + Speaker2) This gives us: P1 (power to speaker one) = 25W*8/ (16) = 25W*0. Each pair is measured back-to-back; that is, the high-impedance windings are directly connectedZ = 138 * log (D/d) / Sqrt (p r) = 138 * log (1. The scope displays only 1/2 the waveform amplitude that the signal generator says is. Use DigiKey’s Ohm’s Law calculator to calculate the relationships between current, voltage, resistance, and power in simple resistive circuits. com Microstrip Impedance Calculator. The allegro calculator gives a value of 56. I use FR-4, so H=1. Index: Aerial Calculations : Balun Theory. 7E-6 [Ω · cm] L is the trace length [cm] T is the trace thickness [cm] W is the trace width. Good luck, Al. The L match circuit gets its name because the circuit topology can look like the letter “L”. The impedance of an inductor is dependent on its. Zo (section impedance) = Z1 (cable 1 impedance. 6mm thickness and the connector is a SMA. You’ve probably also seen some calculators. Γn is the reflection coefficient. When viewed as a simple electronic circuit, the impedance of the audio source may be written as output (or source) impedance, while the impedance of the headphones may be considered load impedance. 5. 50-75m 75-125,etc) to thicken the line. One useful rule of thumb is that a trace will have approximately 50 Ohms impedance when the trace width is double the height from trace to plane. The formula for calculating the characteristic impedance of a differential pair involves several factors: Differential Pair Impedance (Z_diff) = (2 × Z_single) / sqrt (1 + (2d / s)) Where: Differential Pair Impedance (Z_diff) represents the characteristic impedance of the differential pair, typically measured in ohms (Ω). There. Note that the magnitude of the impedance of an ideal inductor is equal to its reactance. Remember, prolonged exposure to high volumes can be harmful. Angular Frequency ω= rad/s. This requires you to route the traces farther apart in order to hit a standard 50 Ohm impedance goal. NETCALC uses three "environment" parameters -. Enter the inductance and frequency values, select the units and click or tap the Calculate button. A reasonable assumption for good feedlines, HF bands, and shorter feedlines. These equations are relatively simple compared to other transmission line. The purpose is to stabilize variations in line impedance using L1 which raises the impedance to above 50 Ohms above 150kHz for conducted emissions between 150kHz and 30MHz. 76mm Rogers4350B substrate at a certain frequency and with 35 micron copper thickness, line width becomes 0. A length of 75 ohm cable can be used to match some things to 50 ohms but it depends entirely on the impedance you want to transform. This tool calculates the matching network necessary to terminate a line of the specified characteristic impedence (Z o) in a specific complex load impedence (R L + jX L) at a specified frequency. A perfect match corresponds to Γ = 0, and a complete discontinuity (in which all the energy is. Fortunately, a 1/4 wave each of 50 ohm and a 75 ohm paralleled will provide a 30 ohm cable. g. Signal generators are usually rated in dBm output (for 50 ohm systems) which can be converted to peak volts, as needed. The Pi match circuit is so named because the circuit topology can resemble a pi symbol. The series representation of the circuit in Figure 1. PCB trace 50 ohm impedence #86802. If connected to the centre of the p@tch and a 1 section 1/4 transformer, I roughly calculated the width of the strip line as 0. Ohms. C is the capacitance in farads (F),. Also, what is the. d d = coaxial cable inner diameter. Using the formula, you can calculate the impedance (Z) as follows: Z = 2π * 60 * 0. Understanding the total speaker ohms is essential to ensure compatibility with your amplifier. The routed net looks something similar to the one below. Press Analyze to see the results. This model was originally developed by analyzing trace impedance measurements using a regression model. Enter the Impedance and required attenuation level to get values for R1 Zo(Ω). 8-j0. 75) / Sqrt (3) = 17. 60. Typically, a bias tee is designed for a 50 ohm impedance, allowing it to match the impedance of the RF system. It helps you determine the total impedance (in ohms) when connecting speakers in series or parallel. The 50 ohm path is typically much lower noise. 4 j Plot this at point z1. A Target Impedance of 50. So, the driver drives into 50 Ohms (100 // 100). This is true for many materials, over a wide range of voltages and currents, and the resistance and conductance of electronic components made from these materials remain constant. 5. High-speed designs carry a requirement for controlled impedance, crosstalk control, and the need for interplane capacitance.